介词和介词短语

 一、介词和介词短语
       介词是一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词或代词(相当于名词的其他词类短语或从句)构成介词短语,才能在句中充当某一个成分。介词短语在句中可充当状语,表语,定语及补语等成分。
How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden! 
Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? 
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly－elected president is having a hard time.
二、连词
连词是用来连接词、短语、从句或句子的一种虚词不能独立担任句子成分。
按词义及其句法作用,连词可分为并列连词和从属连词。常见的并列连词有and, but, or, not only...but also, yet, either...or...等。常见的从属连词有when, because, if, though, as if, now that, until, unless等。
I saw Bob play the piano at John's party and on that occasion he was simply brilliant. 
Not only is the teacher himself interested in football but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
Please follow your supervisor's instructions, or you'll offend him.
一、介词和介词短语
       在高考试题中对介词的考查主要集中在常见介词搭配中。如：
1．for为了；因为 
I apologised to the teacher for my being late.
For some reason, I refused his invitation.
2．without  没有 
He came in without his manager's permission.
I wouldn't have finished the task without your help. 
3．by  借助于某种手段 
The old man earned his living by selling fruits.
4．over  “在正上方(但未接触)；超过”,多表示年龄,距离或跨越一定的高度 
You can't wear a blue jacket over that shirt.
The plane can fly over the mountain. 
5．beyond 超越(界限、范围、限度),可指时间或程度 
 It's quite beyond me why such things have been allowed to happen.
6．across 表示从空间表面上横穿。through 表示从人体或物体的内部穿过,也可指抽象意义上的通过。
He suddenly saw Mary across the room. He pushed his way through the crowd of people to get to her.
7．besides“除……之外”,其宾语包括在内。
except“除了”,其宾语不包括在内。
except for强调整体中的细节,前后事物不属于同类。
but常和except互换,强调不在其中。
but for“要不是”,往往用在虚拟语气的含蓄条件句中。
Besides flowers, the pupils sent their teacher a nice greeting card for her birthday.
The article is very good except for some spelling mistakes.
二、连词
     对连词的考查,近年高考主要集中在对从属连词和并列连词的考查上。对从属连词的考查主要集中在对其在不同从
句中的不同用法的考查；对并列连词的考查主要集中在对其
连接并列成分的用法以及特点上。
1．并列连词
(1)and, or和but
 I must work hard, or I'll fail in the contest.
 Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
—I'd like to, but I'm too busy.
 (2)not only...but (also), as well as不但……而且
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
  Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
(3)neither...nor  “既不……也不……”； both...and...“两者都”；either...or...“不是……就是……”
Neither you nor he is to blame. 
Either you or I am right. 
(4)not...but...  不是……而是…… 
 They were not the bones of an animal, but the bones of a
human being. 
(5)for 因为
  He is absent today, for he is ill.
 注意：for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。
(6)so, therefore因此
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.